What is a Certificate of Confidentiality, and when might researchers request one?

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A Certificate of Confidentiality is a federal protection that shields identifiable research information from being compelled to be disclosed in legal proceedings. It is used to encourage participation in studies that involve sensitive topics by reducing the fear that what a participant says or reveals could be used against them in court or other formal actions.

Researchers might request one when the study collects deeply personal or potentially incriminating information—things like substance use, sexual behavior, mental health, HIV status, or other sensitive health data. The protection helps participants feel safer giving honest answers, which improves the quality of the data.

This is not a publishing permit, not a funding boost, and not a waiver of rights. It does not override all legal requirements and does not prevent a participant from sharing information themselves or in certain circumstances where disclosure is legally mandated or consent is provided.